diff --git a/tests/hermes_cli/test_claw.py b/tests/hermes_cli/test_claw.py
index 5cf1058687..1cacde20cf 100644
--- a/tests/hermes_cli/test_claw.py
+++ b/tests/hermes_cli/test_claw.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TestFindMigrationScript:
 
     def test_finds_project_root_script(self, tmp_path):
         script = tmp_path / "openclaw_to_hermes.py"
-        script.write_text("# placeholder")
+        script.write_text("# placeholder", encoding="utf-8")
         with patch.object(claw_mod, "_OPENCLAW_SCRIPT", script):
             assert claw_mod._find_migration_script() == script
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestScanWorkspaceState:
     """Test scanning for workspace state files."""
 
     def test_finds_root_state_files(self, tmp_path):
-        (tmp_path / "todo.json").write_text("{}")
+        (tmp_path / "todo.json").write_text("{}", encoding="utf-8")
         (tmp_path / "sessions").mkdir()
         findings = claw_mod._scan_workspace_state(tmp_path)
         descs = [desc for _, desc in findings]
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class TestScanWorkspaceState:
         scan_dir.mkdir()
         hidden = scan_dir / ".git"
         hidden.mkdir()
-        (hidden / "todo.json").write_text("{}")
+        (hidden / "todo.json").write_text("{}", encoding="utf-8")
         findings = claw_mod._scan_workspace_state(scan_dir)
         assert len(findings) == 0
 
@@ -90,13 +90,13 @@ class TestArchiveDirectory:
     def test_renames_to_pre_migration(self, tmp_path):
         source = tmp_path / ".openclaw"
         source.mkdir()
-        (source / "test.txt").write_text("data")
+        (source / "test.txt").write_text("data", encoding="utf-8")
 
         archive_path = claw_mod._archive_directory(source)
         assert archive_path == tmp_path / ".openclaw.pre-migration"
         assert archive_path.is_dir()
         assert not source.exists()
-        assert (archive_path / "test.txt").read_text() == "data"
+        assert (archive_path / "test.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8") == "data"
 
     def test_adds_timestamp_when_archive_exists(self, tmp_path):
         source = tmp_path / ".openclaw"
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class TestCmdMigrate:
         openclaw_dir = tmp_path / ".openclaw"
         openclaw_dir.mkdir()
         config_path = tmp_path / "config.yaml"
-        config_path.write_text("")
+        config_path.write_text("", encoding="utf-8")
 
         args = Namespace(
             source=str(openclaw_dir),
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class TestCmdCleanup:
         openclaw.mkdir()
         ws = openclaw / "workspace"
         ws.mkdir()
-        (ws / "todo.json").write_text("{}")
+        (ws / "todo.json").write_text("{}", encoding="utf-8")
 
         args = Namespace(source=None, dry_run=True, yes=False)
         with patch.object(claw_mod, "_find_openclaw_dirs", return_value=[openclaw]):
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class TestCmdCleanup:
     def test_explicit_source(self, tmp_path, capsys):
         custom_dir = tmp_path / "my-openclaw"
         custom_dir.mkdir()
-        (custom_dir / "todo.json").write_text("{}")
+        (custom_dir / "todo.json").write_text("{}", encoding="utf-8")
 
         args = Namespace(source=str(custom_dir), dry_run=False, yes=True)
         claw_mod._cmd_cleanup(args)