diff --git a/.github/workflows/case-collision-check.yml b/.github/workflows/case-collision-check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..946feb0a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/case-collision-check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: Case Collision Check
+
+# Rejects PRs that track two files whose paths differ only by case
+# (README.md vs readme.md, src/Foo.py vs SRC/foo.py).
+#
+# Linux is case-sensitive; Windows and macOS (default) are not. A
+# case-colliding pair lives fine in a Linux checkout and silently breaks
+# every clone on a case-insensitive host — the filesystem can hold only
+# one of them, so checkout fails or whichever wins overwrites the other.
+# Git won't prevent the pair from landing (it only warns at checkout time,
+# on a case-insensitive FS, for the client doing the checkout), so the only
+# enforcement point is CI, on Linux, against the index.
+#
+# Runs unconditionally (no change-classifier gate): a collision can ship in
+# any kind of PR — docs, JS, config, not just Python — so gating on a
+# language lane would be the same "passive rule that cannot enforce a
+# policy" trap the infographic check exists to close.
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  check-case-collisions:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+
+      - name: Run case-collision checker
+        run: python3 scripts/check-case-collisions.py
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 3cc6b24d62..1521388267 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -170,6 +170,11 @@ jobs:
     needs: detect
     uses: ./.github/workflows/profile-artifact-check.yml
 
+  case-collision-check:
+    name: Check no case-colliding filenames
+    needs: detect
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/case-collision-check.yml
+
   lockfile-diff:
     name: package-lock.json diff
     needs: detect
@@ -232,6 +237,7 @@ jobs:
       - history-check
       - contributor-check
       - uv-lockfile
+      - case-collision-check
       - lockfile-diff
       - docker-lint
       - profile-artifact-check
diff --git a/scripts/check-case-collisions.py b/scripts/check-case-collisions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ef0becfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/check-case-collisions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Blocking check for tracked files whose paths collide when case is ignored.
+
+Linux is case-sensitive; Windows and macOS (default) are not. Two tracked
+paths that differ only by case — ``README.md`` and ``readme.md``, or
+``src/Foo.py`` and ``SRC/foo.py`` — coexist happily in a Linux checkout and
+silently break every clone on a case-insensitive host: the filesystem can
+hold only one of them, so checkout either refuses or whichever file is
+written last wins and clobbers the other. Git itself won't stop the pair
+from landing — it only warns at checkout time, on a case-insensitive FS,
+for whichever client happens to do the checkout, and the collision is
+invisible on Linux. This check is the enforcement point: scan the index,
+fail the build, name the offenders.
+
+Usage:
+    # Check the checkout this script lives in (CI + the common local case)
+    python scripts/check-case-collisions.py
+
+    # Check an arbitrary git checkout (tests, other worktrees)
+    python scripts/check-case-collisions.py /path/to/other/repo
+
+Exit status:
+    0 — no case-colliding tracked paths
+    1 — at least one collision group (paths printed to stdout)
+    2 — not in a git repository / git failed
+
+Comparison key: the casefolded FULL path (``str.casefold``), not the
+basename — on a case-insensitive filesystem the entire path is
+case-insensitive, so ``dir/Foo.txt`` and ``DIR/foo.txt`` collide just like
+same-directory pairs. ``casefold`` (not ``lower``) is used because it
+matches how the OSes fold case for non-ASCII text (straße vs strasse,
+sigma variants); a pair it flags is a genuine collision on macOS/Windows
+even when Linux disagrees.
+
+Deliberately out of scope: Unicode NFC/NFD normalization collisions (macOS
+stores NFD, Linux NFC). git already handles those at checkout via
+``core.precomposeunicode``; this check is strictly about case.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections import defaultdict
+from pathlib import Path
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "root",
+        nargs="?",
+        default=str(REPO_ROOT),
+        help="git checkout to scan (default: the repo this script lives in)",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        os.chdir(args.root)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        print(f"::error::cannot enter {args.root}: {exc}")
+        return 2
+
+    proc = subprocess.run(["git", "ls-files", "-z"], capture_output=True)
+    if proc.returncode != 0:
+        msg = proc.stderr.decode("utf-8", errors="replace").strip()
+        print(f"::error::git ls-files failed in {args.root}: {msg}")
+        return 2
+
+    paths = [
+        p.decode("utf-8", errors="surrogateescape")
+        for p in proc.stdout.split(b"\0")
+        if p
+    ]
+
+    by_casefold: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for path in paths:
+        by_casefold[path.casefold()].append(path)
+
+    collisions = {key: group for key, group in by_casefold.items() if len(group) > 1}
+
+    if not collisions:
+        print(f"::notice::{len(paths)} tracked files, no case-colliding paths.")
+        return 0
+
+    print(
+        f"::error::Found {len(collisions)} case-collision group(s) among "
+        f"{len(paths)} tracked files."
+    )
+    print(
+        "Paths that differ only by case are ONE file on Windows/macOS but "
+        "several on Linux - the pair breaks every clone on a case-insensitive "
+        "host. Rename one member of each group so the paths differ beyond case."
+    )
+    print()
+    for key, group in sorted(collisions.items()):
+        for path in sorted(group):
+            print(f"  {path}")
+        print()
+    print(
+        "Fix: `git mv` one path in each group to a name that doesn't collide. "
+        "On Windows/macOS you may need two steps (`git mv a.txt tmp && git mv "
+        "tmp A.txt`) because the filesystem can't hold both spellings at once."
+    )
+    return 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/tests/scripts/test_case_collision_check.py b/tests/scripts/test_case_collision_check.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4546919b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/scripts/test_case_collision_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+"""Wrappers for scripts/check-case-collisions.py.
+
+Same pattern as tests/scripts/test_windows_footguns_full_repo_scan.py: run
+the real checker and assert its outcomes, so a normal pytest run catches a
+regression — someone committing a case-colliding pair — without anyone
+having to remember to run the script by hand.
+
+The collision cases are built with ``git update-index --cacheinfo`` (index
+only, never touching the working tree), so they exercise the same index the
+checker reads and work even on a case-insensitive filesystem, where the two
+spellings cannot coexist on disk.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+SCRIPT = REPO_ROOT / "scripts" / "check-case-collisions.py"
+
+
+def _git_blob_sha(data: bytes) -> str:
+    """The git object hash for a blob with ``data`` as its content."""
+    header = f"blob {len(data)}\0".encode("ascii")
+    return hashlib.sha1(header + data).hexdigest()
+
+
+def _run_check(*args, root=None):
+    cmd = [sys.executable, str(SCRIPT)] + list(args)
+    if root is not None:
+        cmd.append(str(root))
+    return subprocess.run(
+        cmd,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        timeout=60,
+        stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        cwd=REPO_ROOT,
+    )
+
+
+def _git_init(tmp_path) -> Path:
+    repo = tmp_path / "repo"
+    repo.mkdir()
+    subprocess.run(["git", "init", "-q"], cwd=repo, check=True)
+    return repo
+
+
+def test_full_repo_has_no_case_colliding_paths():
+    """The real checker against the whole tracked tree must exit clean."""
+    result = _run_check()
+    assert result.returncode == 0, (
+        f"Case-collision check failed:\n{result.stdout}\n{result.stderr}"
+    )
+
+
+def test_detects_case_colliding_paths(tmp_path):
+    """Same-directory Foo.txt + foo.txt must fail, naming both paths."""
+    repo = _git_init(tmp_path)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git", "update-index", "--add", "--cacheinfo",
+            f"100644,{_git_blob_sha(b'a')},Foo.txt",
+        ],
+        cwd=repo, check=True,
+    )
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git", "update-index", "--add", "--cacheinfo",
+            f"100644,{_git_blob_sha(b'b')},foo.txt",
+        ],
+        cwd=repo, check=True,
+    )
+
+    result = _run_check(root=repo)
+    assert result.returncode == 1, f"expected failure, got:\n{result.stdout}"
+    assert "Foo.txt" in result.stdout
+    assert "foo.txt" in result.stdout
+
+
+def test_detects_directory_case_collisions(tmp_path):
+    """The comparison is on the FULL path — dir/Foo.txt vs DIR/foo.txt too."""
+    repo = _git_init(tmp_path)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git", "update-index", "--add", "--cacheinfo",
+            f"100644,{_git_blob_sha(b'a')},src/Helper.py",
+        ],
+        cwd=repo, check=True,
+    )
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git", "update-index", "--add", "--cacheinfo",
+            f"100644,{_git_blob_sha(b'b')},SRC/helper.py",
+        ],
+        cwd=repo, check=True,
+    )
+
+    result = _run_check(root=repo)
+    assert result.returncode == 1, f"expected failure, got:\n{result.stdout}"
+    assert "src/Helper.py" in result.stdout
+    assert "SRC/helper.py" in result.stdout
+
+
+def test_same_name_in_different_dirs_is_not_a_collision(tmp_path):
+    """a/Readme.txt and b/readme.txt share a basename but not a path."""
+    repo = _git_init(tmp_path)
+    (repo / "a").mkdir()
+    (repo / "b").mkdir()
+    (repo / "a" / "Readme.txt").write_text("a", encoding="utf-8")
+    (repo / "b" / "readme.txt").write_text("b", encoding="utf-8")
+    subprocess.run(["git", "add", "-A"], cwd=repo, check=True)
+
+    result = _run_check(root=repo)
+    assert result.returncode == 0, f"expected clean, got:\n{result.stdout}"