diff --git a/agent/conversation_loop.py b/agent/conversation_loop.py
index 4fe3c9f752..e8f466bc09 100644
--- a/agent/conversation_loop.py
+++ b/agent/conversation_loop.py
@@ -610,15 +610,23 @@ def _image_error_max_dimension(error: Exception) -> Optional[int]:
 
 
 def _pressure_with_real_floor(compressor: Any, rough_tokens: int) -> int:
-    """Floor the rough pre-API pressure estimate at the last REAL prompt size.
+    """Floor the ROUGH pre-API pressure estimate at the last REAL prompt size.
 
-    The chars/4 rough estimate under-counts Cyrillic (and other non-ASCII
-    scripts) by up to ~2x, so a session can sit at the provider's real context
-    ceiling while the rough figure stays under the compaction threshold — on
-    silent-clip providers (ollama /v1) that is a truncation death spiral the
-    reactive overflow handler never sees (observed live: real prompts
-    64,842→64,995 against a 55,705 threshold). The provider's own last
-    reported prompt_tokens is authoritative; never let the pressure figure
+    Applied only on the fallback path -- when ``anchored_context_tokens`` has
+    no valid anchor (first request, transcript rewritten under the anchor,
+    provider never reported usage). A valid anchor is provider-exact and is
+    used as-is; in particular on MoA turns the anchor deliberately uses the
+    pre-fold aggregator usage while ``last_real_prompt_tokens`` holds the
+    folded figure, so flooring an anchored value would re-add fan-out tokens
+    the anchor exists to exclude.
+
+    On the rough path, non-ASCII text (Cyrillic, Greek, Polish, ...)
+    under-counts by up to ~2x, so a session can sit at the provider's real
+    context ceiling while the rough figure stays under the compaction
+    threshold -- on silent-clip providers (ollama /v1) that is a truncation
+    death spiral the reactive overflow handler never sees (observed live:
+    real prompts 64,842->64,995 against a 55,705 threshold). The provider's
+    last reported prompt_tokens is authoritative; never let the rough figure
     fall below it. Skipped for exactly one turn after a compaction, when
     last_real_prompt_tokens still holds the stale pre-compression value
     (#36718's awaiting_real_usage_after_compression window).
@@ -2904,9 +2912,10 @@ def run_conversation(
         )
         if _anchored_pressure is not None:
             request_pressure_tokens = _anchored_pressure
-        request_pressure_tokens = _pressure_with_real_floor(
-            agent.context_compressor, request_pressure_tokens
-        )
+        else:
+            request_pressure_tokens = _pressure_with_real_floor(
+                agent.context_compressor, request_pressure_tokens
+            )
         total_chars = approx_tokens * 4
         # Stash this request's rough estimate so update_from_response() can
         # pair it with the provider's real prompt count — the (rough, real)
diff --git a/agent/model_metadata.py b/agent/model_metadata.py
index d93055252a..052e1a1e4e 100644
--- a/agent/model_metadata.py
+++ b/agent/model_metadata.py
@@ -3662,10 +3662,19 @@ def estimate_tokens_rough(text: str) -> int:
         # token) where chars/4 under-counted them ~2x and let sessions ride
         # the provider's context ceiling below the compaction threshold.
         # ASCII spans inside mixed text still count at 1 byte each.
-        return (len(text.encode("utf-8")) + 3) // 4
+        #
+        # Calibrated against cl100k/o200k/Qwen2.5 (estimate / mean real):
+        # Russian 0.67->1.24, Ukrainian 0.55->1.03, Arabic 0.53->0.96,
+        # Hindi 0.34->0.90, Greek 0.37->0.68, Polish 0.63->0.69; accented
+        # Latin barely moves (French 1.02->1.03, German 0.99->1.02,
+        # Spanish 1.04->1.07) because only the accented chars widen.
+        # Pure-ASCII prose already over-counts at ~1.4 on the same rule.
+        # errors="replace": lone surrogates (routine in tool output; see
+        # message_sanitization) must not turn an estimate into a raise.
+        return (len(text.encode("utf-8", "replace")) + 3) // 4
     # Mixed CJK + other: dense chars stay ~1 token each; the sparse
     # remainder is byte-counted for the same corrective.
-    return dense + ((len(stripped.encode("utf-8")) + 3) // 4)
+    return dense + ((len(stripped.encode("utf-8", "replace")) + 3) // 4)
 
 
 def estimate_messages_tokens_rough(
diff --git a/tests/agent/test_cjk_token_estimation.py b/tests/agent/test_cjk_token_estimation.py
index c584597ad6..3c39c54cd0 100644
--- a/tests/agent/test_cjk_token_estimation.py
+++ b/tests/agent/test_cjk_token_estimation.py
@@ -88,3 +88,32 @@ def test_cyrillic_counts_by_utf8_bytes():
     assert estimate_tokens_rough("русский текст") == 7
     # Pure ASCII unchanged.
     assert estimate_tokens_rough("a" * 400) == 100
+
+
+def test_accented_latin_is_not_inflated_by_byte_counting():
+    # Byte-counting must not punish Western-European text: only the accented
+    # chars are 2 bytes, so the estimate moves by a few percent, not 2x.
+    from agent.model_metadata import estimate_tokens_rough
+    fr = "La compression du contexte permet aux longues sessions de rester dans la fenêtre du fournisseur sans perdre le fil de la tâche."
+    ascii_rule = (len(fr) + 3) // 4
+    est = estimate_tokens_rough(fr)
+    assert ascii_rule <= est <= int(ascii_rule * 1.10), (ascii_rule, est)
+
+
+def test_mixed_cyrillic_and_ascii_code_counts_ascii_at_one_byte():
+    from agent.model_metadata import estimate_tokens_rough
+    code = "def compress(ctx):\n    # Сжимаем контекст\n    return summarize(ctx)\n"
+    ascii_part = "def compress(ctx):\n    # \n    return summarize(ctx)\n"
+    cyr = "Сжимаем контекст"
+    expected = (len(ascii_part.encode()) + len(cyr.encode()) + 3) // 4
+    assert estimate_tokens_rough(code) == expected
+    # and strictly more than the old chars/4 rule for the same text
+    assert estimate_tokens_rough(code) > (len(code) + 3) // 4
+
+
+def test_lone_surrogates_do_not_raise():
+    # main's estimator was total (len/regex never raise); byte-counting must
+    # stay total too — tool output routinely carries unpaired surrogates.
+    from agent.model_metadata import estimate_tokens_rough
+    assert estimate_tokens_rough("abc\ud800def") >= 2
+    assert estimate_tokens_rough("漢字\udfff") >= 2
diff --git a/tests/run_agent/test_infinite_compaction_loop.py b/tests/run_agent/test_infinite_compaction_loop.py
index 6082cddff4..9eb0a84de5 100644
--- a/tests/run_agent/test_infinite_compaction_loop.py
+++ b/tests/run_agent/test_infinite_compaction_loop.py
@@ -292,3 +292,22 @@ class TestPressureRealFloor:
         from agent.conversation_loop import _pressure_with_real_floor
         assert _pressure_with_real_floor(self._compressor(0), 10_000) == 10_000
         assert _pressure_with_real_floor(object(), 10_000) == 10_000
+
+    def test_anchored_pressure_is_never_floored(self):
+        """A valid usage anchor is provider-exact and wins as-is.
+
+        On MoA turns the anchor deliberately uses the pre-fold aggregator
+        usage while ``last_real_prompt_tokens`` holds the folded figure;
+        flooring the anchored value would re-add the advisor fan-out tokens
+        the anchor exists to exclude. Pin the wiring shape: the floor is
+        applied only on the ``else`` (rough fallback) branch.
+        """
+        import inspect
+        from agent import conversation_loop
+
+        src = inspect.getsource(conversation_loop.run_conversation)
+        i = src.index("if _anchored_pressure is not None:")
+        window = src[i : i + 400]
+        assert "request_pressure_tokens = _anchored_pressure" in window
+        assert "else:" in window
+        assert window.index("else:") < window.index("_pressure_with_real_floor(")